P-51 Mustang w/ WWII The effects of the P-51 Mustang in World War II The Effect of the North American P-51
                    Mustang On the Air War in Europe Abstract This paper deals with the contributions of the P-51 Mustang to the eventual
                    victory of the Allies in Europe during World War II. It describes the war scene in Europe before the P-51 was
                    introduced, traces the development of the fighter, its advantages, and the abilities it was able to contribute to the Allies'
                    arsenal. It concludes with the effect that the P-51 had on German air superiority, and how it led the destruction of the
                    Luftwaffe. The thesis is that: it was not until the advent of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter, and all of the
                    improvements, benefits, and side effects that it brought with it, that the Allies were able to achieve air superiority over the
                    Germans. This paper was inspired largely by my grandfather, who flew the P-51 out of Leiston, England, during WW II
                    and contributed to the eventual Allied success that is traced in this paper. He flew over seventy missions between
                    February and August 1944, and scored three kills against German fighters. Table of Contents Introduction Reasons for
                    the Pre-P-51 Air Situation The Pre-P-51 Situation The Allied Purpose in the Air War The Battle at Schweinfurt The
                    Development of the P-51 The Installation of the Merlin Engines Features, Advantages, and Benefits of the P-51 The
                    P-51's Battle Performance The Change in Policy on Escort Fighter Function P-51's Disrupt Luftwaffe Fighter Tactics
                    P-51's Give Bombers Better Support Conclusion Works Cited Introduction On September 1, 1939, the German military
                    forces invaded Poland to begin World War II. This invasion was very successful because of its use of a new military
                    strategic theory -- blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg, literally "lightning war," involved the fast and deadly coordination of two distinct
                    forces, the Wermacht and the Luftwaffe. The Wermacht advanced on the ground, while the Luftwaffe destroyed the
                    enemy air force, attacked enemy ground forces, and disrupted enemy communication and transportation systems. This
                    setup was responsible for the successful invasions of Poland, Norway, Western Europe, the Balkans and the initial
                    success of the Russian invasion. For many years after the first of September, the air war in Europe was dominated by the
                    Luftwaffe. No other nation involved in the war had the experience, technology, or numbers to challenge the Luftwaffe's
                    superiority. It was not until the United States joined the war effort that any great harm was done to Germany and even
                    then, German air superiority remained unscathed. It was not until the advent of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter,
                    and all of the improvements, benefits, and side effects that it brought with it, that the Allies were able to achieve air
                    superiority over the Germans. Reasons for the Pre-P-51 Air Situation The continued domination of the European skies by
                    the Luftwaffe was caused by two factors, the first of which was the difference in military theory between the Luftwaffe
                    and the Royal Air Force. The theories concerning the purpose and function of the Luftwaffe and RAF were exactly
                    opposite and were a result of their experiences in World War I. During WW I, Germany attempted a strategic bombing
                    effort directed against England using Gothas (biplane bombers) and Zeppelins (slow-moving hot-air balloons) which did
                    not give much of a result. This, plus the fact that German military theory at the beginning of WW II was based much more
                    on fast quick results (Blitzkrieg), meant that Germany decided not to develop a strategic air force. The Luftwaffe had
                    experienced great success when they used tactical ground-attack aircraft in Spain (i.e. at Guernica), and so they figured
                    that their air force should mainly consist of this kind of planes. So Germany made the Luftwaffe a ground support force
                    that was essentially an extension of the army and functioned as a long- range, aerial artillery. The RAF, on the other hand,
                    had experimented with ground-attack fighters during WW I, and had suffered grievous casualty rates. This, combined
                    with the fact that the British had been deeply enraged and offended by the German Gotha and Zeppelin attacks on their
                    home soil, made them determined to develop a strategic air force that would be capable of bombing German soil in the
                    next war. Thus, at the beginning of WW II, the RAF was mostly a strategic force that consisted of heavy bombers and
                    backup fighters, and lacked any tactical dive- bombers or ground-attack fighters. (Boyne 21) The Pre-P-51 Situation
                    Because of these fundamental differences, the situation that resulted after the air war began was: bombers in enemy
                    territory vs. attack planes. The "in enemy territory" was the second reason for the domination of the Luftwaffe. At the
                    beginning of WW II, and for many years afterward, the Allies had no long-range escort fighters, which meant that the
                    bombers were forced to fly most of their long journeys alone. (Perret 104) Before the P-51 was brought into combat, the
                    main Allied fighters were the American P-47 Thunderbolt and the British Spitfire, neither of which had a very long range.
                    The rule-of-thumb for fighter ranges was that they could go as far as Aachen, which was about 250 miles from the Allied
                    fighters' home bases in England, before they had to turn around. Unfortunately, most of the bombers' targets were
                    between 400 and 700 miles from England. (Bailey 2-3) This meant that bombers could only be escorted into the Benelux
                    countries, northern France, and the very western fringe of Germany. When these unescorted, ungainly, slow,
                    unmaneuverable bombers flew over Germany, they were practically sitting ducks for the fast German fighters. On the
                    other hand, the bombers were equipped with several machine guns and were able to consistently shoot down some of
                    their attackers. Because of this, "U.S. strategists were not yet convinced of the need for long-range fighters; they
                    continued to cling to the belief that their big bomber formations could defend themselves over Germany." (Bailey 153)
                    The Allied Purpose in the Air War The Allies knew that they had to drive German industry into the ground in order to win
                    the war. Since the factories, refineries, assembly-lines, and other industry-related structures were all inland, the only way
                    to destroy them was by sending in bombers. The only way that the bombers could achieve real success was by gaining air
                    superiority, which meant that nearly all of the bombers would be able to drop their bombs without being harassed by
                    fighters, and return home to fight another day. The problem with this sequence was that the Allies did not have this
                    superiority, (Bailey 28) because their bombers were consistently getting shot down in fairly large numbers, by the German
                    fighters that kept coming. The Allies soon realized that in order to gain this superiority, they would have to destroy more
                    German fighters. In order to destroy the fighters, they would have to be forced into the air in greater numbers. In order to
                    get more German fighters into the air, the more sensitive German industries would have to be attacked with more
                    aggression. Following this logic, the Allies began a intensified bombing effort that resulted in the famous bombings of
                    Hamburg (July 24-28, 1943) and Ploesti (August 1, 1943), among others. And, indeed, this did cause more fighters to
                    come up to meet and engage the bombers. Unfortunately, the bombers were overwhelmed by the German opposition,
                    and their losses soon began to increase. (Copp 359) The Allied air forces had, in effect, pushed a stick into a hornets'
                    nest, hoping to kill the hornets when they came out, and been stung by the ferocity of their response. The Battle at
                    Schweinfurt The culminating point of this backfiring plan was the second bombing raid on Schweinfurt, which occurred on
                    October 14, 1943. Schweinfurt was the location of huge ball-bearing factories that supplied most of the ball-bearings for
                    the entire German military. The U.S. Eighth Air Force had staged a fairly successful raid on the same city two months
                    earlier, but the second time around, the Germans were ready for them. The official report afterwards said that the
                    Luftwaffe "turned in a performance unprecedented in its magnitude, in the cleverness with which it was planned, and in the
                    severity with which it was executed." Of the 229 bombers that actually made it all the way to Schweinfurt, 60 were shot
                    down, and 17 more made it home, but were damaged beyond repair. This was a 26.5% battle loss rate for the
                    Americans, while the Germans only lost 38 airplanes the whole day, from all causes. (Boyne 327) This battle was one of
                    the key battles of the war, and undeniably proved to the Allies that the bomber offensive could not continue without a
                    long-range fighter escort. (Copp 444) Even before October of '43, some had begun to realize the need for this kind of
                    fighter. In June, the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, General Hap Arnold, wrote a memo to his Chief of
                    Staff, Major General Barney Giles, which said: This brings to my mind the absolute necessity for building a fighter airplane
                    that can go in and out with the bombers. Moreover, this fighter has got to go into Germany. . . . Whether you use an
                    existing type or have to start from scratch is your problem. Get to work on this right away because by January '44, I want
                    a fighter escort for all our bombers from the U.K. into Germany. (Copp 413-414) The Development of the P-51 In April
                    of 1940, "Dutch" Kindleberger, president of North American Aviation, visited Sir Henry Self, the head of the aircraft
                    division of the British Purchasing Commission, asking if Britain would like to buy some of his B-25 bombers. Self was not
                    interested in buying any more bombers, but was interested in buying a good fighter. He directed Kindleberger to the
                    Curtiss company, who had a new fighter design, but were too busy building P-40's to do anything with it. Kindleberger
                    went to Curtiss and bought their design for $56,000. He promised Self to have the planes ready by September of 1941.
                    The prototype of the NA-73, as it was called, was ready to fly in October of 1940 and proved to have an excellent
                    design. The NA-73 had a revolutionary wing design that allowed it to fly at high speeds without adverse compression
                    effects. In other planes, as they approached a certain speed, usually around 450 mph, the air would be flowing around the
                    wing at nearly the speed of sound, putting huge amounts of pressure on the wings, which were unable to deal with the
                    stress. The NA-73 did not have this problem, which meant it could fly safely at much higher speeds. Another
                    revolutionary idea in the plane was the way heated air from the radiator was dealt with. The NA-73's engineers designed
                    it to expel this air and boost the planes speed by 15 or 25 mph. The engineers also worked especially hard on making the
                    plane as aerodynamic as possible, and so they positioned the radiator in a new place, made the fuselage as narrow as
                    possible, and set the cockpit low in the fuselage. (Perret 118-119) It was at this point that an error was made that made
                    the Mustang useless as a long-range offensive fighter. When the NA-73 was mass produced as the P-51, it was powered
                    by a 1550 horsepower air-cooled Allison engine, which did not have a supercharger and lost performance above 11,800
                    ft. At high altitudes air pressure goes down, and so there is less oxygen in a given amount of air, which means that engines
                    do not burn as cleanly, and so lose power. Superchargers compress air before it is pumped into the engine cylinders so
                    that there is enough oxygen for the engine to function well. The early Allison-engined planes did not have the
                    supercharger, and so were limited to low-altitude operations. Even without a high- altitude capability, the Mustang was an
                    impressive plane and was bought in quantity by the RAF. It flew its first mission on May 10, 1942, against
                    Berck-sur-Mer on the French coast. (Grant 17-18) The Installation of the Merlin Engines So, for the next eighteen
                    months, the P-51A's continued to fly with the RAF, doing their unexceptional jobs well. After the plane began to go into
                    combat, some people began looking into the idea of fitting the Mustang with a more powerful engine. As the RAF said, it
                    was "a bloody good airplane, only it needs a bit more poke." (Grant 22) One day, an RAF test pilot was flying a P-51A
                    and the thought occurred to him that the plane could be fitted with a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, which had about 300
                    more horsepower and included a supercharger. He suggested it to Rolls-Royce's Chief Aerodynamic Engineer and "both
                    men realized that the combination of this sort of performance with the aerodynamically efficient airframe of the Mustang
                    would revolutionize its potential." (Grant 22) This plan was duly carried out and in November 1943, the first group of
                    P-51B's arrived in England. Features, Advantages, and Benefits of the P-51 This final Mustang design was superior to
                    anything else that flew at the time. The P-51B had a huge internal gasoline tank capacity (around 425 gallons) and its
                    engine was very economical, using about half the gasoline of other American fighters. This meant its range was 1080 miles
                    and could be extended to 2600 miles when extra drop-tanks were attached to the wings. This made its range far more
                    than any Allied or German fighter's. As far as performance went, it was superior to all others as well. Neither of the other
                    two main American fighters could compete; the P-47 was too heavy and the P-38 had too many technical problems. The
                    British fighters, the Spitfire and the Hurricane did not have the range, speed, or power. But most important was its
                    superiority over the German fighters, the most important of which were the FW-190 and the Me-109. The Mustang was
                    50 mph faster than the Germans up to 28,000 ft beyond which it was much faster than the FW-190 and still substantially
                    faster than the Me-109. The Mustang had between 3000 and 4000 lbs more weight, and so was able to outdive either
                    German plane. The tightness of its turns was much better than the Me-109 and slightly better than the FW-190. (Grant
                    31, Boyne 389-390, Bailey 153) The result of all of this was that the Allies now had a plane that could go with the
                    bombers all the way to and from their targets, fight and defeat the bombers' German attackers, and not run out of fuel.
                    The P-51's Battle Performance So, at the end of 1943 and the beginning of 1944, the new American P-51B's began
                    arriving in England in force. (Dupuy 34) For the first few months of the year, the Mustangs were settling in and having
                    their systems perfected. But by March, the Mustangs had decisively taken control. The arrival and subsequent heavy use
                    of the P-51's had several effects. The first effect that the Mustangs had was in the running air battles over Europe. Before
                    the beginning of 1944, the bombers had been alone as they approached their faraway targets. But the P-51 changed this,
                    and quickly made an impression on all concerned, enemy and ally alike. For example, on January 11, 1944, the Eighth
                    Air Force launched its first deep penetration of Germany with P-51 coverage. The bombers' targets were the cities of
                    Oschersleben and Halberstadt, where many German planes were being constructed. When they arrived, there were 49
                    Mustangs covering a force of around 220 bombers. Even though the bombers suffered heavy casualties, they were able
                    to inflict substantial damage on their target factories. But the most significant thing about the battle was the shining
                    performance of the P-51's. Since the bombers were attacking two different cities, the Mustang force had to divide into
                    two groups, to support the different attacks. Because of the sensitive nature of the bombers' targets, the Luftwaffe came
                    out in force to defend their factories. During the ensuing melee, the 49 P-51's shot down 15 enemy planes without
                    suffering a single loss. Major Howard, the group's leader, was credited with four kills within minutes. (Bailey 155) In the
                    grand scheme of things, this battle was insignificant, but it goes to show how much of advantage the P-51's had over their
                    German counterparts. Considering that these were essentially first-time pilots in the Mustangs' first big battle, this is very
                    impressive. The Change in Policy on Escort Fighter Function Another thing happened at the same time as the arrival of
                    the P-51 that greatly aided the Allies and fully utilized the great capabilities of the Mustang. Before the beginning of 1944,
                    the bomber escort's primary function was to fly alongside the bombers, repel any attacks made on the bombers, and
                    generally make sure the bombers stayed safe. Indeed, the motto of the Eighth Air Force Fighter Command was "Our
                    Mission is to Bring the Bombers Back Alive." One day at the beginning of the year, Jimmy Doolittle, who was the
                    commander of the Eighth Air Force, saw a plaque on the wall with this motto on it and said, "That's not so. Your mission
                    is to destroy the German Air Force. . .Take that damned thing down." (Copp 456) And just days before, in his New
                    Year's Day address to the Eighth Air Force command, General Arnold had said, "My personal message to you-this is a
                    MUST- is to destroy the enemy air force wherever you find them, in the air, on the ground and in the factories." (Copp
                    456) What this meant was that the escort fighters were not tied to the bombers anymore, and were free to roam over the
                    countryside and through the towns and cities, destroying at will. The sweeping Mustangs were released to ravage German
                    convoys, trains, antiaircraft gun emplacements, warehouses, airfields, factories, radar installations, and other important
                    things that would be impractical to be attacked by bombers. The fighters were also able to attack German fighters when
                    they were least prepared for it, like when they were taking off or forming up in the air. What made this possible was the
                    increase in the number of American planes present in Europe. This increase in the number of Allied planes compared to
                    the number of German planes continued to the point that, on D-Day, the Allies used 12,873 aircraft while the Germans
                    were only able to muster a mere 300. (Overy 77) By using this overwhelming numerical advantage, the Allied fighters
                    were able to swamp their opponents in an unstoppable flood of planes. P-51's Disrupt Luftwaffe Fighter Tactics This
                    increase in the number of fighters plus the change in fighter philosophy allowed the escorts to cover the bombers while
                    simultaneously ranging far from the bomber stream and destroying all that they could find. This caused the disruption of
                    several effective German fighter tactics that had been used successfully in the past. One of these tactics was the
                    deployment of slow, ungainly German planes that would fly around the bomber formations, out of gun range, and report
                    back on where the bombers were and where their weak spots were. The free-ranging P-51's soon wiped out these
                    planes. Another popular tactic was to mount rocket launchers on the wings of some of these slower craft, have them
                    linger just out of range of the bombers' guns, and send rockets flying into the bomber formations. These rocket attacks
                    were terrifying to the bomber crews, and often broke up formations, sending some planes to the ground. Obviously, these
                    attacks also came to a halt. Most importantly, the fast German fighters had to change their attack tactics. Beforehand,
                    they would fly alongside the formations and wait for the right moment to swoop in and attack a bomber. Now, they were
                    forced to group together several miles away from the bombers, and then turn and made a mad rush at the bombers,
                    hoping to inflict sufficient damage on one pass to shoot down some number of enemy bombers. They could not afford to
                    stay with the bombers for very long for fear of being attacked by the Mustangs. (Perret 293) Indeed, soon after the
                    P-51's entered onto the scene, Hermann Goering, the commander of the Luftwaffe, recommended that the German
                    defensive fighters avoid combat with the P-51, and only attack bomber formations when there were no fighters around.
                    The result of all of this is that the American fighters, led by the P-51's, soon began to gain air superiority. Not long after
                    Goering's recommendation, a sarcastic Luftwaffe officer commented that the safest flying in the world was to be an
                    American fighter over Germany. (Dupuy 35-36) It is obvious that the P-51, once it was supplied to the Eighth Air Force
                    in great quantities, and unleashed by Doolittle and Arnold's new fighter policies, soon took a heavy toll on German air
                    superiority. P-51's Give Bombers Better Support Another profound effect that the increased fighter coverage had was on
                    the most important people, the bombers. After the entrance of the P-51, and the virtual elimination of the German fighter
                    threat, the bombers were in much less danger from German fighters. The result of the decreased danger to the bombers is
                    subtle, but obvious when thought about. Imagine a bomber crew sitting in their cramped plane, unable to move around or
                    evade attack during their bombing run while numerous German fighters speed past their plane firing at them. Second
                    lieutenant William Brick, the bombardier of a B-17 bomber, tells about the day he flew to Linz, Austria on a bombing run: . . . The
                    remainder of the run must be perfectly straight and level, without the slightest deviation, or our five- thousand-pound bomb load will fall
                    wide of the target. No evasive action is possible. . . Then comes the sickening rattle of machine-gun bullets and cannon fire hitting our ship;
                    ignoring the flak from the antiaircraft batteries, German fighter planes zoom in so close that it seems they will ram us. . . Even at the
                    sub-zero temperatures of this altitude, salty sweat pours down my face and burns my eyeballs. Cursing and praying, I am gripped by the
                    same brand of helpless fear that fliers experience during every bomb run. I feel the terror in my hands, in my stomach, even in my feet.
                    Long after returning from the mission, its effects will remain etched indelibly on my face. . . . (Brick 61) This kind of terror experienced by
                    the entire crew of the bombers was sure to affect their concentration and their carefulness. Indeed, "it is an undeniable, if unquantifiable,
                    fact that it is easier to bomb precisely when you know you will probably not be shot out of the sky." (Boyne 341) Conclusion In the end,
                    the way that the Allied air forces gained air superiority was by destroying its opposition. The ways in which the fighters were able to
                    destroy German fighters were diverse. The fighters utilized their high speed and maneuverability to fly low-level strafing missions that
                    ranged over large expanses of territory and destroyed many Luftwaffe craft on the ground. This tactic was responsible for the destruction
                    of many dozens of fighters that were unable to go on and fight in the air. Another way that the Allied fighters destroyed their opposition,
                    and the most important way, was by luring them into the air. Going back to the hornets' nest analogy, the Allies stopped pushing the stick
                    and decided to bide their time until the moment was right. When they did start pushing the stick into the nest again, they were armed with a
                    metaphoric insecticide. In real life, this "insecticide" was the P-51. Beforehand, the Allies had nothing that could stop the "hornets" and so
                    were helpless to stop their attack. But after they had developed an "insecticide" capable of killing the "hornets," they proceeded to lure the
                    hornets into the open where they could be destroyed. In real life, the bombers were the lure that brought the Luftwaffe into the air. Using
                    the long-range Mustangs, the Allies were able to make their bombing raids more effective and more deadly to Germany. The approaching
                    end of the Third Reich was enough to get the German fighters into the air to try to stop the bombers from wrecking their war effort. "Air
                    superiority had been won not by bombing the enemy's factories into oblivion; instead, it was won by the long-range fighter, using the
                    bomber formations as bait to entice the Luftwaffe to fight." (Boyne 338) With the advent of great numbers of the highly superior P-51
                    Mustang, the German fighters that came up to attack the bombers quickly met their match and were easily repelled by the Mustangs.
Works Cited Bailey, Ronald H. The Air War in Europe. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1979. A simple, straight-forward book that includes much
background on the development of military aviation, and includes many pictures that chronicle the air war. Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. A very informative and user- friendly book that dealt with the air aspect of all fronts and theaters of WWII. It includes much
data on numerous planes in its appendices. Brick, William. "Bombardier." American History, April 1995, pp. 60-65. A short magazine article following the story of
how a U.S. airman was shot down over Austria, and his subsequent imprisonment by the Nazis. Copp, DeWitt S. Forged in Fire: Strategy and Decisions in the
Airwar over Europe, 1940-1945. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1982. A book dealing mostly with the U.S. involvement in the War, with
particular emphasis on the politics of the military officials, and how the major strategic decisions were made. Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt. The Air War in the West: June
1941 to April 1945. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1963. A short, very basic book that did not go into depth, but did cover its material well. Grant, William
Newby. P-51 Mustang. London: Bison Books Limited, 1980. A relatively short book, but one that dealt solely with the P-51, and went into considerable depth
concerning its construction and use during WWII and in later conflicts. Overy, R.J. The Air War: 1939-1945. New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1980. A fairly
dry book that dealt mostly with the economics and generalities of the air war, without dealing too much with the actual fighting. Perret, Geoffrey. Winged Victory:
The Army Air Forces in World War II. New York: Random House, 1993. A good book that covered its topic well, although in-depth discussion of the
contributions of the other allies' forces is not dealt with. 